Dla duszy i ciala Polonez - Poland Pan Tadeusz video must see

Dla duszy i ciala Polonez - Poland Pan Tadeusz video must see

Oświadczenie senatorów Prawa i Sprawiedliwości skierowane do Ministra Środowiska Macieja Nowickiego w sprawie inwestycji geotermalnej w Toruniu, na kt

Oświadczenie senatorów Prawa i Sprawiedliwości skierowane do Ministra Środowiska Macieja Nowickiego w sprawie inwestycji geotermalnej w Toruniu, na kt

Oświadczenie senatorów Prawa i Sprawiedliwości skierowane do Ministra Środowiska Macieja Nowickiego w sprawie inwestycji geotermalnej w Toruniu, na którą Zarząd Narodowego Funduszu Ochrony Środowiska odebrał pieniądze Fundacji "Lux Veritatis"
(2008-11-10)
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Warszawa, 7 listopada 2008 r. Panie Ministrze, z satysfakcją donosimy Panu, że toruńska geotermia jest bliska sukcesu, że ta inwestycja powiodła się, mimo iż Narodowy Fundusz Ochrony Środowiska i Gospodarki Wodnej zerwał umowę z Fundacją "Lux Veritatis" na jej budowę. Jeśli zważyć ponadto, że minister spraw wewnętrznych i administracji nie zgodził się na ogłoszenie zbiórki publicznej na ten cel, naszym zdaniem rząd zachował się tak, jak w PRL-u: gdy Polacy odkryli jakieś złoża bogactw naturalnych, takie miejsce zabetonowywano, a badaczom zabraniano o tym mówić. Panie Ministrze, jak się Pan teraz czuje, kiedy Fundacja "Lux Veritatis" dotarła do źródeł geotermalnych w Toruniu, a Pan, jako zwierzchnik Zarządu Narodowego Funduszu Ochrony Środowiska i Gospodarki Wodnej, wypowiedział zawartą wcześniej umowę z Fundacją, dotyczącą tej inwestycji geotermalnej? Już wiadomo, że woda z toruńskiej geotermii będzie wystarczająco gorąca, by można ją było wykorzystać do ogrzewania pomieszczeń, do produkcji prądu, oraz wystarczająco czysta, aby wykorzystać ją do balneologii oraz napełnienia wodą basenów. Panie Ministrze, kto lepiej dba o bezpieczeństwo energetyczne kraju, Pańskie ministerstwo czy prywatna Fundacja "Lux Veritatis", która zdecydowała się na ryzykowne zainwestowanie własnych ogromnych środków na odwierty w poszukiwaniu wód geotermalnych w Toruniu? Czy to nie Pan powinien uczynić wszystko, aby rozwijać energię geotermalną w Polsce, ponieważ jest to doskonałe uzupełnienie zasobów energetycznych kraju i może w przyszłości pozytywnie wpłynąć na zwiększenie naszego bezpieczeństwa energetycznego. Tymczasem działania rządu wobec tej inwestycji - po pierwsze - wstrzymują rozwój geotermii w Polsce, a po drugie - mogą przyczynić się do tego, że Polska nie wykorzysta środków unijnych zarezerwowanych na ten cel. Panie Ministrze, czy Pan wie, że władze niemieckie dają miliony euro każdemu, kto podejmuje się inwestycji geotermalnej. Dopłacają nawet do kolektorów i baterii słonecznych, by zwiększyć produkcję czystej energii i zmniejszyć uzależnienie od importu. A my już za kilka lat będziemy płacić kary za to, że nie spełnimy limitów udziału energii odnawialnej w ogólnym bilansie energetycznym. W sytuacji gdy u naszych zachodnich, a także południowych sąsiadów rozpoczął się boom na rozwój energetyki geotermalnej, Polska znowu pozostaje w tyle, choć ma jedne z największych złóż w Europie. Cóż, jeżeli pionierskie projekty spotykają się z takim pełnym niechęci przyjęciem, trudno się dziwić niskiemu stanowi wykorzystania geotermii w naszym kraju. Na szczęście determinacja Fundacji "Lux Veritatis", a przede wszystkim obywatelska i patriotyczna postawa ojca dyrektora Radia Maryja Tadeusza Rydzyka sprawiła, że to cenne przedsięwzięcie dla Polski zostało uwieńczone sukcesem. Jako senatorowie Prawa i Sprawiedliwości dziękujemy mu za to. Panie Ministrze, z uwagi na to, że postanowienia umowy z Fundacją "Lux Veritatis" w naszej ocenie zostały rażąco naruszone przez Narodowy Fundusz Ochrony Środowiska, mamy pytania: - Czy Narodowy Fundusz Ochrony Środowiska liczy się z możliwością wystąpienia z powództwem odszkodowawczym przez Fundację za straty spowodowane niewykonaniem umowy przez ten fundusz? Czy posiada w budżecie środki przeznaczone na wypłaty, bądź co bądź, odszkodowań? - Ile umów dotacji na odnawialne źródła energii zawarto w I kwartale 2008 r.? - Jakie są planowane środki finansowe przeznaczone na odnawialne źródła energii na rok 2008? - Ile wniosków wpłynęło w okresie ostatniego półrocza na dotacje na odnawialne źródła energii i na jakim etapie procedowania się znajdują? - Jak wygląda bilans wykorzystania funduszy na odnawialne źródła energii? - Jak wyglądają możliwości wypełnienia przez Polskę obligacji nałożonej przez Unię Europejską na ustaloną 20-procentową wartość pozyskiwania energii z odnawialnych źródeł? Uprzejmie prosimy o udzielenie jasnych, jednoznacznych odpowiedzi na powyższe zapytania. Z poważaniem Ryszard Bender Witold Idczak Kazimierz Jaworski Piotr Kaleta Maciej Klima Waldemar Kraska Norbert Krajczy Zdzisław Pupa Krzysztof Majkowski Czesław Ryszka Wojciech Skurkiewicz Grzegorz Wojciechowski Stanisław Zając
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Profesor zwyczajny Julian Sokołowski, zmarły w 2004 roku to postać mało znana polskiej opinii publicznej. Jeden z najwybitniejszych geologów w skali światowej miał uznanie i zbierał liczne nagrody wtedy, kiedy zajmował się działalnością niekłócąca się z interesami lobby naftowego i gazowego. Były złote krzyże zasługi, krzyże kawalerskie, nagrody państwowe i sława za odkrycie złóż gazu na Niżu Polskim. O potrzebie niezależności energetycznej i wykorzystaniu własnych zasobów mówił na długo przed rządem Buzka, który to sobie przypisuje pionierstwo w tej dziedzinie.
Słynny geolog nafty i gazu z dorobkiem mnóstwa publikacji nagle zmienił kierunek swoich zainteresowań. Dostrzegł, że Polska zrządzeniem opatrzności lub, jak kto woli niesłychanego szczęścia i zbiegu okoliczności leży w 80% na niesłychanie bogatych zasobach wód geotermalnych mogących stanowić niewyczerpane źródła energii. Wieloletnim dziełem życia było dokonanie pionierskiej oceny zasobu energii geotermalnej w Polsce dającej oszałamiające i niepodważalne wyniki. Mało tego. Prof. Sokołowski opracował metodykę wykorzystywanie tej energii oraz zaprojektował i wybudował pierwszy w Polsce doświadczalny zakład geotermalny w Bańskiej-Białym Dunajcu. Są gotowe projekty takich zakładów dla Warszawy i Szczecina.
Niestety, patriotyczna wizja energetycznego uniezależnienia się Polski przypominająca szklane domy Żeromskiego nie była miła dla energetycznego lobby i stwarzała zagrożenie dla różnych Stoenów i Enionów. Zwłaszcza, że nie była to już czysta teoria, a naukowo udokumentowane złoża i opracowane, przemysłowe metody ich wykorzystania. Wielki patriota Julian Sokołowski swoje poglądy mógł wygłaszać jedynie na antenie Radia Maryja i czynił to przez długie lata. I tak redemptorystom przybył kolejny wielki wróg-lobby energetyczne z dziwnymi spółkami muzyków, i pośrednikami w handlu ropą i gazem, których miliardy kręcą mediami i politykami.
Atak wrogów uniezależnienia się Polski na Tadeusza Rydzyka nie jest przypadkowy. Wykonanie dwóch odwiertów w Toruniu i wykorzystanie ich energii stałoby się namacalnym dowodem na słuszność wybitnego polskiego geologa.
Po cofnięciu dotacji w wysokości 26 milionów złotych rząd Tuska szuka sposobu na zablokowanie publicznej zbiórki pieniędzy. Mimo wszystko odwierty rozpoczęły się w ostatnia sobotę.
Wydobywana gorąca woda po oddaniu swojej energii wraca drugim otworem z powrotem głąb ziemi, gdzie ponownie podgrzewa się do temperatury około 90 C. I tak w kółko, bez dymu, gazów cieplarnianych i zanieczyszczeń środowiska.
Atak na geotermię można przeprowadzić jedynie atakując ojca Rydzyka i Radio Maryja.
Dorobek profesora Sokołowskiego, jego osiągnięcia i podane na tacy złoża i metody ich wykorzystania nie pozwalają zrobić z niego oszołoma.
Jako ciekawostkę podam, że z takich dwóch otworów można uzyskać 20 MW energii.
Biorąc pod uwagę gotowe plany wykonane przez profesora dla ponad 400 polskich gmin i kilku większych miast daje to 10 000 MW. Dla przykładu elektrownia w Bełchatowie zapewnia 20% zapotrzebowania na energię elektryczną i wytwarza 4440 MW.
Co prawda energia geotermalna w większości ma służyć ogrzewaniu, ale biorąc pod uwagę, że możliwość jej wykorzystania występuję w prawie 2000 gmin to okazuje się, że jakimś niewyjaśnionym cudem obecne granice Polski czynią ją geotermalnym i niewykorzystanym eldorado. Lobby paliwowe będzie zwalczać toruńskie odwierty do upadłego. To gwarantuje dalsze istnienie wielu fortun i politycznych wieloletnich karier.
Dlatego wszystkim bezkrytycznym klakierom medialnych nagonek na RM proponuję chwilę refleksji

Jako Polak i patryjota z washington DC
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Polsce potrzebna jest Geotermia naszego kraju energia!
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PROSIMY O POMOC I WPLATY DOBROWOLNE DLA TEGO SZLACHETNEGO CELU DLA POLSKI:

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Wykład profesora Ryszarda Kozłowskiego podczas spotkania potriotycznego w Kaliszu

Wykład profesora Ryszarda Kozłowskiego podczas spotkania potriotycznego w Kaliszu

Wykład profesora Ryszarda Kozłowskiego podczas spotkania potriotycznego w Kaliszu
(2008-11-15)
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Potrzebne są regulacje chroniące nasze zasoby
Do something for Poland


Rev. Msgr Ireneusz Skubis talks to Fr Tadeusz Rydzyk, Director of Radio Maryja and chairman of the Lux Veritatis Foundation, about the project of geothermal drilling.

Rev. Msgr Ireneusz Skubis: – The Lux Veritatis Foundation decided to begin geothermal drilling. How did you get interested in this problem?

Fr Tadeusz Rydzyk: – For several years we had contacts with professors who dealt with earthy thermal waters in Poland. It was 50 years ago that the late Prof. Julian Sokolowski investigated this problem. He used to come to us. And there are other scientists – Prof. Ryszard Kozlowski and Prof. Jacek Zimny. They turned our attention to these matters. I remember eating breakfast with Prof. Sokolowski on Sunday after the night programmes on Radio Maryja seven years ago, before going to Warsaw and Krakow. Prof. Sokolowski told me, ‘Let us do it here, in Torun, at the Higher School of Social and Media Culture. We had just bought the plot to build our school on. Prof. Sokolowski had schemes showing the ‘floor’ of the earth, the interior of the earth. He could not speak about it aloud for 52 years. It often happened that when something was discovered it was sealed, filled with concrete, and this procedure was continued. He explained how important drilling was, saying, ‘I would like very much do it for Poland! Let us make a model project here. And the whole area will be a green ecological island. There will be no coal and oil and even gas.’ He presented such perspectives. So I said, ‘Gentlemen, do it if it is something good!’ And they prepared the whole project, which we submitted to the Ministry later.

– So the proposals and plans came from experts...

– From the Krakow scientists who have dealt with energy resources for years. Naturally, under the supervision of Prof. Julian Sokolowski.

– How have these plans been made concrete?

– We submitted our projects to the National Fund for Environmental Protection, which is subordinated to the Ministry of Environmental Protection. In April 2006, a concession was granted to us and in June 2007 we signed an agreement, and in November 2007 we signed an annex to this agreement. When we were negotiating with the companies that could realise our project I learnt that such undertakings were not successful in Poland. Why have such projects been successful, for example in the United States, Germany, Austria, Japan and other countries and they will not come off in Poland and they will not be profitable as we have been constantly told? The interesting thing is that other companies come to Poland and buy some factory, which we regard as unprofitable, and they succeed. Where is the core of the problem? Scientists and specialists have found out that the problem is that improper pipes are used when the resources are found. The pipes get deteriorated very quickly because geothermal waters have different levels of salinity, they are mineralised, etc. I am asking, ‘Why has this not been a problem in other places?’ It turns out that they use fibreglass pipes. We decided to see them. And we began sending letters and e-mails, which took long time to be delivered and sometimes were not delivered at all. I leant that one could buy such pipes but it turned out that you had to wait for them for a long time. They are produced, e.g. in America. At some moment I said to Fr Jan Krol, ‘The correspondence takes more time than travelling there. Would you like to go to America to see the pipes yourself? And to go to the factories where these pipes are produced… Time is precious and we cannot afford paying for mistakes.’ And Fr Krol visited at least two centres; he saw things himself and we were even more convinced that we should follow that direction. Our financial advisor and a specialist in geothermal projects went with Fr Krol. We decided, considering economical reasons, to install fibreglass pipes in these places where they could be exposed to oxygen and corrosion. We wrote to the Ministry of Environmental Protection, to the National Fund for Environmental Protection, that our agreement should be changed and an annex should be made. The pipes should be such and such and they are much more expensive. And the whole affair has began: they say we made the costs much higher, that in other places they make it cheaper, that it will not be profitable because all things will go wrong and they have given examples for that in Poland. I repeated over and over again that in Poland it did not come off but Germany succeeded, that Japan used such pipes as early as in 1970 and they have been all right so far, that we must learn from better examples.

– What agreements did you sign and with whom?

– The first agreement was signed with the National Fund for Environmental Protection, then an annex was added and the whole noise in the media began…

– What does the matter of the costs of the investment look like?

– The first project was to cost 15 million zloty, and then the sum was raised to 28 million zloty. The Office for Environmental Protection has funds for ecology, which amounts to over 10 billion zloty at present. Our drilling is so expensive since it is an experimental-research project and researches cost very much. The drilling has already begun; samples are taken every 5 metres and examined. The drilling would have been cheaper if there had been no research. However, we received a concession for experimental-research works. The problem began with the new government. In January 2008, the Minister of Environmental Protection, being in contact with the National Fund for Environmental Protection, affirmed us that all things were OK, the agreement had no legal infringements and such drilling would be realised. In May, the Fund terminated the agreement unilaterally. And we faced a serious problem. What to do? We have the concession; we already signed a contract with a firm that started drilling. We have obligations. We have invested several million zloty; the works have begun and all people know that we are realising the project – and now, out of sudden, are we to withdraw? The concession was granted for two years. If we do not do anything within this period the concession will be lost. And all things tell us that this is for the good of the nation… I say, ‘We are going to Jasna Gora. We will entrust this matter to the Mother of God. We came there with the Radio Maryja Family. We came to the Queen, to the Mother of God, who is our and my Mother. I arrived at Jasna Gora and said, ‘Mother, help! What am I to do? We cannot give up; we have invested too much; the risk of losing something great for Poland is too high.’ And we appealed to people, stressing that we entrusted the matter to Lord God and the Most Blessed Mother. Radio Maryja is also a work of the nation; without people, without collaboration, without prayer, without help, without kindliness it would not exist. Like with other works. This is the way in the Church… People must know about this. Moreover, I see it as a realisation of the social teaching of the Church. We have two most important commandments: love your God and love your neighbour. Love of your neighbour is nothing else but realising the social teaching of the Church. Therefore, we must make people realise: we have resources, we have energy, and we have a possibility to be self-sufficient! Poland is very rich but we should only take these riches, which God has given us, into our hands. We shall see. Perhaps we will succeed. Of course, all things are not certain since the drillings are only single points. However, I trust Lord God and scientists.

– Father Director, you said on Television Trwam that it would be a monument to the solidarity of the Polish nation. What did you mean?

– To tell you the truth, every sanctuary is a monument to the solidarity between people and the Church, the teaching of Christ, a sign of identifying with him. I can see every action on Radio Maryja in this way: it is a work of the solidarity of the nation, a big part of the nation. Similarly, the recent work is a living monument to solidarity in a difficult situation we have faced. And what is solidarity? ‘There is no solidarity without love’, said John Paul II and repeated after St Paul, ‘Bear one another's burdens’ (cf. Galatians 6:2). I have the impression that the situation got complicated for political reasons. When the government was changed, the aversion towards Radio Maryja and to our school intensified. Earlier we saw what the attitude of some group towards us was, I mean, during the election or even earlier. Calling our listeners ‘mohair berets’, showing disrespect for them, is not actually a form of aversion; it is something more. One can see the tendency to tell us that Poles cannot succeed, that they are hopeless. Sowing crops is unprofitable, and growing something is not profitable and neither is doing something. And our shipyards, mines, agriculture are being destroyed… Running hospitals is unprofitable, so you should give them away, privatise them. Poles must leave Poland and look for jobs somewhere else. And we can see the results: broken families, ruined people… Poles cannot succeed at anything. The Church cannot succeed and a priest cannot succeed. But other people go round all these riches in Poland. They sell them in such a way that the contracts have marks of stealing someone’s possessions. And that’s why we say, ‘No! We are not losers and our country is a wealthy country. One should only take over and use well this richness for the benefit of us all.


Nasz Dziennik, 2008-11-22
Z prof. dr. hab. inż. Ryszardem H. Kozłowskim z Politechniki Krakowskiej rozmawia Marcin Austyn Rada Ministrów przyjęła już projekt ustawy Prawo geologiczne i górnicze, który w nowy sposób reguluje własność strategicznych zasobów przyrodniczych i ustanawia je z zasady własnością Skarbu Państwa. Czy te zmiany idą w dobrym kierunku? - Przede wszystkim zasoby przyrodnicze są własnością Narodu i powinny być oddane gminom jako własność komunalna i to gminy winny być dysponentami tych złóż. To jest jedyna bariera przeciwko temu, co w ostatnich latach dzieje się w Polsce, czyli ciągłej wyprzedaży naszego majątku. Przecież zasoby litosfery są jednym z kolejnych łakomych kąsków. Zasoby będące własnością Skarbu Państwa będą źle zagospodarowane? - Zaproponowane zmiany mogą sugerować, że Skarb Państwa uzurpuje sobie rolę dysponenta strategicznych zasobów, co biorąc pod uwagę dotychczasowy sposób szafowania majątkiem narodowym, nie wróży niczego dobrego. Ministrowie skarbu, środowiska, gospodarki powinni mnożyć i dbać o powierzony im skarb. Tymczasem mamy do czynienia z trwonieniem majątku. Tak też może się stać z zasobami przyrodniczymi. Ten skarb oddany w ręce kolejnych ministrów nie będzie właściwie zagospodarowany. W moim przekonaniu, powinien funkcjonować zapis, że zasoby przyrodnicze litosfery, biosfery, hydrosfery są własnością Narodu i mogą być oddane gminie jako własność komunalna. Gmina staje się wówczas ich dysponentem i nie ma prawa do ich odsprzedaży, ale może wchodzić w kontrakty dla uruchomienia wydobycia czy przetwórstwa na ściśle określony czas. Inne rozwiązanie, a szczególnie "sprzedawanie na wieczność" zasobów przyrodniczych, jest nieporozumieniem. Sądzi Pan, że w Polsce brakuje troski o zasoby przyrodnicze? - Przypomnę tylko, że z Konstytucji RP wykreślony został zapis, który stanowił zasoby przyrodnicze własnością Narodu. Historia pokazuje też, że nie honorowany był zapis o racjonalnym wykorzystaniu zasobów przyrodniczych. Premier Jerzy Buzek zlikwidował 28 kopalń, w których zostało udokumentowanych 18 mld ton węgla. To nieporozumienie.

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POLISH-JEWISH RELATIONS

POLISH-JEWISH RELATIONS

Jewish collaboration with the Soviets provoked an outpouring of condemnation by the Polish people. They accused
the Jews of conspiring with the Soviets to destroy Poland. When the newly-created Polish Army was relocated from
Russia to the Middle East, thousands of Polish Jews, who had enlisted, deserted the army en masse. Though
General Anders granted them all amnesty, it is not surprising that resentment within the army ranks grew - but
not for reasons of anti-semetism. This desertion was a betrayal of Poland, on the very eve of battle. But with the
establishment of the Jewish Ghettos, Polish opinion began to transform from one of hatred and anger to that of
sympathy and deep compassion. Poles who had themselves been victims of German bestiality knew with what
anguish the Jews suffered. They were witness to the horrors of the ghettos and the sentence imposed upon its'
victims - slow starvation and the deportations to death camps. Many Poles felt compelled to act on the grounds of
decency and humanitarianism, overlooking past resentments, betrayal, even anti-semetism, to come to the aid of
the Jews. At great risk to their own lives, Polish men, women and children tossed bundles of food over the ghetto
walls. Polish families opened their homes to Jews fleeing Nazi persecution. Many Poles even constructed secret
bunkers beneath their basements, or erected fake wall partitions, for the purpose of hiding as many Jews as
possible. Elaborate means were used to smuggle food, clothing and medical care to the Jews in hiding, so as not
to arouse public suspicion.

Poland was the only occupied country in which the Germans issued a decree warning that anyone helping the Jews
would be executed. In house-to-house searches, the Nazis often found Jews hiding there, and shot them along
with the Poles ( and their families ) who sheltered them. That the Germans even issued such a decree is
indicative of the fact that Polish assistance to the Jews was widespread. Many Poles were so traumatized that
they chose to remain neutral for fear of their lives. Our perception of them as passive or indifferent is unwarranted.
Considering the circumstances theirs was not a decision influenced by anti-semetism. But even with the threat
of discovery, and German reprisals, many Poles continued in their mission to shelter and hide Jews.

German and Soviet propaganda distorted and magnified the facts in order to inflame Polish-Jewish hostilities
Among the countless incidences staged by the Nazis was one in which Germans in Lodz destroyed a statue of the
Polish patriot Kosciuszko, and blamed it on the Jews. The Germans forced a group of Jews to stand in front of the
rubble and photographed it as "evidence". Immediately thereafter, the Germans burned down a synagogue and
accused the Poles for having done so in retaliation. In Warsaw, on Passover, the Germans staged a riot which
lasted, ironically, for eight days. They recruited a thousand Polish youths to destroy Jewish homes and shops while
German soldiers were nearby filming the entire onslaught. The sole objective of Nazi propaganda was to bring
about Poland's self-destruction by playing on Polish fears of being conquered by the Soviets. Moreover, the
suspicion that Britain and the US had abandoned the Poles and was about to betray them to the Soviets were
reasons enough for some Poles to collaborate with the Nazis. Any illusion of acquiring special protection or
benefits by collaboration, quickly vanished, as the German terror on Polish underground continued unabated.

The Polish Underground waged a continuous battle using counter propaganda of its own to demoralize and disrupt
the German rank and file. More importantly, the Underground sought to influence Polish attitudes by instructing
them to resist German propaganda and enticements to collaborate with them. The Nazis made numerous
concessions to the Polish people including re-opening Polish theatres and museums, and elminating the
requirement of passes for Poles using the trains. The Germans sometimes succeeded in luring members
of the AK out of hiding, only to deport them to concentration camps, or execute them.

While the majority of the Poles complied with the directives of the Polish Underground, others did not. Poland
endured a siege of German terror and brutality that over time contributed to the increase in delinquency, especially
in the youth. No morals or laws prevailed other than that which ensured Nazi supremacy. Every kind of depravity
was encouraged by the Nazis to erode the moral fabric of Polish society. The Poles who collaborated with the
Germans represented only a fraction of the Polish population.

In the political sphere, the most rabid element was the ONR ( Oboz Narodowo Rady Kalny ), a radical-nationalist
party which produced much of the Polish anti-semetic propaganda. They accused the Jews of starting the war,
and claimed that the Jews were collaborating with the Nazis and the Soviets in order to destroy Poland. This
political party was not represented in the Polish Underground State, nor in the Polish Government-in-exile, in
London.

Little or no attention has been given to the sacrifices made by heroic Poles - the men, and women who made
daring attempts to shelter Jews, under extraordinary circumstances. Catholic nuns frequently sheltered Jewish
children in their convents, teaching them Catholic prayers, and catechism, so that they could pass the scrutiny of
German interrogation. Among the religious orders that gave assistance to the Jews were: the Sisters of Maria's
Family ( in Otwock, Pludy and several other Polish towns), the Ursuline Sisters ( in Warsaw-Powisle, among other
provincial convents), the Franciscan Sisters, in Lasku, the Sisters of the Lady Immaculate ( in Warsaw, Szymanow,
and Niepokalanow), the Sisters of Charity ( in the hospitals of Warsaw), and the Polish Relief Council in Otwock.


At the start of the war, there were Poles who were anti-semetic but who had changed their outlook because of the
Nazi atrocities committed against the Jews - men such as Stanislaw Piasecki, Adolf, Nowaczynski, Kozidkiewicz,
Witold Rudnicki, among many others. There are thousands of Poles who risked their lives and died in the process
of helping the Jews. Only a few of them have been documented and are honoured by Yad Vashem, in the
Righteous Among Nations. None have gained so much attention as the selfless act of one individual, Father
Maximillian Kolbe, a Franciscan monk. He was a Polish prisoner in Auschwitz, number 16670, who volunteered
to die instead of the fifteen Jews selected for death by slow starvation. The first victims of the gas chambers at
Auschwitz were 300 Poles and 700 Soviet POWs. Until 1942, Poles constituted 90% of the inmates of Stutthof.

Jan Karski, a national hero of the Polish Underground, was the first to report the news of German atrocities to the
Allied nations. He embarked on a gruelling mission through several occupied countries, transporting secret
microfilm to the Polish Government-in-exile in London - on it was documented evidence of the crimes committed
by the Germans - photographs, decrees, and statistics.

The most elaborate covert operation in saving the Jews was an organization called Zegota. Although its officical
name was Council for Aid to the Jews, it had to have been referred to in code in order to protect the organization
from blackmailers and informers. Zegota members represented a wide cross-section of Polish society. It was
an enormous network which overlapped with organizations in the Polish Underground State, Home Army, and
a countless array of individual Poles from every profession and trade. All were devoted to helping the work of
Zegota. The major scope of activity dealt with finding safe houses in which Jews could be hidden, the provision of
food, clothing, and whenever possible, medical care. They produced thousands of fake documents, such as birth
certificates, and passports, to conceal the true identity of the Jews. Many Jews were able to live on the Aryan side
(outside the ghettos) because their features were not semetic. They were the lucky few. Many others whose
appearance was obviously semetic, had to be hidden at all times, otherwise they would risk their death and the
death of the Poles sheltering them. Because of this risk, many Poles had no choice but to refuse to help them.
The largest source of aid to the Jews, which far surpassed Zegota, and the spontaneous efforts given randomly by
groups or individuals, was the Polish Underground State. Its' organization, along political, military and civilian
divisions, was devoted to the restoration of Polands freedom and independence. Among its activities was the
mission to provide the Jews with a means of escape and shelter from Nazi persecution.

In 1940-41, the Polish government-in-exile and the Underground State were the first to report the news of the
persecution of the Jews in Poland. Initially, the British government received the reports with a great deal of
skepticism, believing that the Poles may have exaggerated. It was difficult for the British to comprehend how
German Kultur could descend to such depths of depravity. Irregardless of British stonewalling, Polish interventions
were immediately set into motion. Diplomatic meetings were held in Britain, and the U.S., resolutions were drawn up
and submitted to the United Nations. Ambassador Papee made several visits to the Vatican, meeting with
Secretary of State Cardinal Maglione, and Monsignor Tardem and Montini. He presented them with a memo from
Prime Minister Sikorski, in which he discussed the persecution of the Poles and Jews under Nazi occupation, and
requested the intervention of Pope Pius XII. Issues of the Black Book were also submitted. Papee also met with the
General of the Jesuit Order, Father Wlodzmierz Ledochowski to discuss using the Church and its agencies to
shelter Poles and Jews in Poland.

The Polish Foreign Office published a White Book entitled, " The German Occupation of Poland ", printed in
English, French and Spanish. There were also two Black Books; Volume I " The German Invasion of Poland "
described the September Campaign. Volume II, " The German New Order in Poland " described the German
administration in Poland and the Soviet-German war of June 1941. It provided details concerning the fate of the
Jews, German regulations, descriptions of German atrocities, the burning of synagogues, locations of burials and
names of victims, confiscation of Jewish property, loss of freedom and rights, forced labor, ghettoes, and
death camps. Included were 30 photographs illustrating in graphic detail, life in the ghetto, as well as copies
of German decrees. This book was widely distributed in Great Britain and the US. Copies were sent to press
agencies and newspapers around the world.

Prime Minister Sikorski made several visits to the US as well as to London, and the Polish Embassy in Washington,
D.C. A flurry of telegrams between London and Warsaw document the extent of Polish efforts in pressuring the
Allies for military assistance. In 1941-42, Sikorski asked for an American declaration condemning German
oppressive policies against the Poles and the Jews. The US was unresponsive. As time passed, the situation\
grew more ominous, Sikorskis appeals became more frequent and urgent. Poles and Jews demanded that
Britain execute Germans in reprisal for Nazi atrocities committed against the Polish nation. The British refused
to intervene because it was not within the scope of their political objectives.

The American Jewish Congress and the World Jewish Congress were receptive to Sikorskis arrival in the US,
and expressed hope for the liberation of Poland, but they quickly resorted to a litany of accusations of Polands
pre-war administration. They accused the Polish military of anti-semetism and referred to the periodical issued by
the ONR, entitled " Jestem Polakiem " ( I am Polish), that was radically nationalistic. Its circulation lasted only from
August 4, 1940 to May 15, 1941, at which time the Sikorski govenment called a stop to its publication, declaring it
to be detrimental. Sikorski tried to assure the Allies that the governments position was strongly opposed to
anti-semetism and considered it foreign to its government. He stated that " the common suffering has created a
community of spirit between Poles and Jews"

The Jewish Morning Newspaper did acknowledge that the Sikorski government was moderate, but instead chose
to focus entirely on the fact that a few of its members were National Democrats. Many criticisms were made
purely on hearsay - as one by Jozef Tennenbaum, President of the American Federation of Polish Jews. He
claimed that tens of thousands of Poles helped the Germans to exterminate the Jews - it is completely
unsubstantiated. Jews were frequently at odds even with each other over the issue of anti-semetism. Rabbi Z.
Babad, who represented the Polish Agudists in Great Britain, condemed the Jews who made irresponsible
generalizations about Polish actions towards the Jews. He was a loyal supporter of the Sikorski government,
and he criticized foreign Jews, especially Zionists, for interfering in Polish internal affairs. Ludwik Grosfeld, a
Polish Jew, was appointed Minister of Treasury by Prime Minister Mikolajczyk. Grosfeld was severely criticized
by the Jews who accused him of being an " assimilationist "

After the Germans invaded Russia, the attacks on the Jews intensified. The Polish government countered German
propaganda by issuing a Declaration, entitled, " Instruction No. 2 ", dated June 23, 1941. It read as follows:

" The government lays great stress on the necessity of warning the nations not to give in to German
baiters and not to adopt an active anti-Jewish attitude in the territories freed from Soviet occupation.
This is imperative for reasons of principle and political ones such as actions would be bound to make
it terribly difficult for the government to profit from the situation in the international field. "

On Jan 13, 1942, Sikorski attended an inter-allied conference of nine countries ( which had been occupied by
Germany ), including delegates from Britain and the US. A resolution was made calling for the prosecution of
Germans who violated international law by committing violent crimes against civilians. Britain and the US
refused to sign it on the grounds that there was no verification that the reports were true.

The Polish Underground reported on the increase in German killings. One of many memos read as follows:

" I inform that the news about the murder of several thousand Jews in eastern Galicia is true. Mass
murder of Jews were also committed in the Wilno province, in Byelorussia, and in the Lublin province. In
Wilno alone, about sixty thousand Jews were murdered.... Delegate, April 8, 1942 "

As the massacres began to spread throughout eastern Poland into the General Gouvernement, Prime Minister
Sikorski sent dispatches to the Allied govenments reporting that :

" Extermination of the Jewish population is taking place at an unbelievable extent...mass slaughter
of tens of thousands of Jews is being carried out. In the ghettos of Warsaw and Krakow, mass
executions are being carried out every day. Jews ill with typhus are being shot. The Jews of Poland
are suffering the most terrible persecution in the entire history..."


Alex Lech Bajan

RAQport Inc.
2004 North Monroe Street
Arlington Virginia 22207
Washington DC Area
USA
TEL: 703-528-0114
TEL2: 703-652-0993
FAX: 703-940-8300
sms: 703-485-6619
EMAIL: polonia@raqport.com
WEB SITE: http://raqport.com

Eastern Poland property compensation deadline approaches

Eastern Poland property compensation deadline approaches
Importance: High


Dear Polish American Congress:

We seek your urgent assistance in getting this information to your branches and to Polonia in the USA.

At stake are justice and respect for the property rights of your members whose families lost property in eastern Poland during the war.

They have only one month in which to register their interest in receiving compensation for this land, and after 31 December 2008 it will be too late.

Information is found below and attached. Please contact me urgently if you have any questions or concerns.

STEFAN WIŚNIOWSKI

CHAIRMAN, KRESY-SIBERIA GROUP
3 Castle Circuit Close
Seaforth NSW 2092 Australia
Telephone +61 411 864 873
Stefan.Wisniowski@Kresy-Siberia.org
www.Kresy-Siberia.org

PRZEWODNICZĄCY, GRUPA KRESY-SYBERIA
ul. Wiśniowa 40B lokal nr 6
02-516 Warszawa, Polska
Telefon +48 22 5424090 fax +48 22 5424089
Kom. +48 517 206 491
Stefan.Wisniowski@Kresy-Syberia.org
www.Kresy-Syberia.org


FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE (Polish text follows)
Eastern Poland property compensation deadline approaches

WARSAW POLAND, Thursday, Nov 6, 2008 - - Although it has not been widely publicized outside Poland, the deadline is looming for the Polish government’s offer of compensation for property left outside its present borders in connection with the Second World War.

This is in not related to restitution for property confiscated in Poland by the German Nazi and post-war Communist regimes. Rather, it is compensation offered for property left behind when Poland’s borders were shifted west after the war. Poland’s eastern territories were taken over by the Soviet Union in exchange for new western territories taken from a vanquished Germany.

Romuald Lipinski, a soldier in the Polish Army that helped drive the Germans out of Italy and who is now living in Virginia, says "it broke our hearts when our land was lost to the Soviets – we felt totally betrayed by our own Allies. We helped win the war against Hitler but lost our homeland to Stalin. But even though we could never return home after the war, we never forgot our Polish homeland. Now after all these years, we rejoice that Poland is free again and that it has not forgotten us either."

Almost 70 years after the war started, partial justice may finally be restored with the Polish government’s compensation offer of twenty percent of the current value of the lost land and buildings. The compensation is funded by the sale of government property. Already nearly $100 million has been awarded to former residents of the Eastern Borderlands ("Kresy" in Polish) and their families for their lost land and homes.

Deportation survivor and current Florida resident, Marie Gaffney, recalls "The Soviet troopers came with guns drawn in the dead of night and dragged us out into minus 40 degree temperatures, with only a few small bundles of our belongings in my father's hands and me in my mother's arms. They deported us to harsh labour camps in Siberia and seized all our property. Our homes are gone forever, but at least this is a symbolic recognition of the injustice we suffered."

The 8 July 2005 Polish law provides for compensation on an equal basis for all pre-war Polish citizens leaving land outside the present borders of Poland due to circumstances surrounding the 1939-1945 war. This includes the deported families, the soldiers who served in the Polish Forces in the West, and their families who spent the war in refugee camps around the world.

Australian second-generation survivor Louise Blazejowska says: "The story of the Soviet war-time persecution of eastern Poland's residents is a little known episode in the history of World War 2, including mass deportations to "Siberia" that resulted in starvation and death, the seizure of property and the cover-up of the Katyn massacre. But the survivors of those tragic events and their heirs now scattered across the world are to this day in the dark about their rights to justice and compensation for their seized property. They must act now before it is too late."

Applications will be accepted only until the end of 2008. Mandatory preconditions include: owners of the property had to be Polish citizens in 1939 and had to have been living in Poland at that time; owners or their heirs must be Polish citizens now (citizenship can be confirmed if parents were Polish citizens); and inheritance rights have to be proven. Some description of the property must also be provided to determine its value.

Although the initial claim must be lodged in one of Poland’s provincial offices by 31 December 2008, any additional supporting evidence can be submitted after the claim is registered, including documents obtained from various archives in Poland, Britain, the US and the former Soviet republics. The Kresy-Siberia Group has organized Polish and English-speaking volunteers to help applicants fill out and lodge their forms as well as with research, translations and navigating through administrative requirements. For more information, or to obtain claim registration forms, potential claimants can e-mail info@kresy-claims.org or visit www.kresy-claims.org.

Kresy-Siberia Group founder Stefan Wisniowski, Canadian-born and now living in Sydney, Australia, says: "For years, many Polish survivors were reluctant to claim money from their homeland as a matter of honor. However, many now understand that things have changed and that as a member of the European Union, Poland is a dynamic western economy that looks after all of its citizens’ human rights, including their property rights. Others, who do not feel the need for financial compensation, may chose to donate their compensation payments to a worthy cause, such as the Kresy-Siberia Foundation which is developing a virtual museum on the internet to preserve their history for future generations."

The Kresy-Siberia Group is the international special interest group of over 750 survivors of the Soviet persecutions and their 2nd and 3rd-generation descendants. Its objectives are to research, remember and recognize the persecution of Polish citizens of all ethnic and religious backgrounds by the Soviet Union during the Second World War. As well as supporting property claimants with information and assistance, one of its current projects is developing a state-of-the-art "virtual museum" on the internet to commemorate this little-known chapter of the Second World War.



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Media contacts

Australia & New Zealand:

Stefan Wisniowski

61-4-1186-4873 cell

Stefan.Wisniowski@Kresy-Siberia.org



UK:

George Neisser

44-12572-79145 or 44-77379-98123 cell

Jerzy.Neisser@Kresy-Siberia.org



USA & Canada:

Lynda Kraar

1-201-947-2516 or 1-551-486-3772 cell

Lynda.Kraar@Kresy-Siberia.org



Poland:

Aneta Hoffmann

48-502-870-596 cell

Aneta.Hoffmann@Kresy-Siberia.org



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Ed. Note:

The "Kresy-Siberia Group" brings into contact people from countries around the world with a special interest in the tragedy of over one million Polish citizens of various faiths and ethnicities (Polish, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Catholic, Orthodox, Jewish, etc.) either deported from eastern Poland (Kresy) in 1940-41 or otherwise arrested and sent to special Soviet labor camps in Siberia, Kazakhstan and eastern Asia. Some 115,000 of these were evacuated through Iran in 1942 as soldiers of Anders Army and their families - and eventually made their way to the West.

The circumstances of their odyssey and the tragic history of the Polish citizens under Soviet Russian occupation during the war were hushed up by the Allies during the war to protect the reputation of the Soviet Union, an important ally in the war against Nazi Germany. Almost seventy years later the survivors have aged and many have died. The group brings together surviving deportees and their descendants to remember, learn, discover and spread the word of their ordeal to the world and to future generations. We can also provide you with "local" interviews.



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DO PILNEGO UPOWSZECHNIENIA

Zbliża się końcowy termin skladania wniosków o odszkodowania

za utracone mienie na d. Kresach Wschodnich

WARSZAWA, 6 listopada 2008 r. - - Mimo, iż fakt ten nie był szeroko omawiany poza Polską, jednakże zbliża się ostateczny termin składania wniosków w odpowiedzi na ofertę rządu polskiego dotyczącą wypłaty odszkodowań za mienie utracone w wyniku II wojny światowej, a leżące obecnie poza granicami Polski.

Sprawa ta nie dotyczy zwrotu mienia skonfiskowanego na terenie Polski przez nazistowskie Niemcy czy powojenny reżim komunistyczny. Jest to odszkodowanie zaproponowane za nieruchomości utracone z powodu przesunięcia granic polskich po wojnie na zachód. Tereny byłych Kresów Wschodnich zostały włączone w 1945 r. do ZSRR, w zamian za zachodnie tereny zabrane pokonanej Rzeszy Niemieckiej.

Pan Romuald Lipinski, ze stanu Wirginia, USA, żołnierz II Korpusu Armii Polskiej, która pokonała Niemców we Włoszech, powiedział "byliśmy zrozpaczeni, gdy nasza ziemia została utracona na rzecz Sowietów – czuliśmy się całkowicie zdradzeni przez naszych sojuszników. Pomogliśmy zwyciężyć Hitlera, ale nasza ojczyzna dostała się pod władanie Stalina. I mimo, iż nie mogliśmy powrócić do naszych domów po wojnie, nigdy nie zapomnieliśmy naszej ojczyzny – Polski. Teraz po tych wszystkich latach, cieszymy się, że Polska jest znów wolna i że ona także o nas nie zapomniała".

Po prawie 70 latach, jakie minęły od czasów II wojny światowej, propozycja polskiego rządu dotycząca wypłaty odszkodowań w wysokości 20% wartości utraconej ziemi i nieruchomości może stanowić w końcu częściowe zadośćuczynienie ich właścicielom. Odszkodowania są finansowane ze sprzedaży nieruchomości należących do Skarbu Państwa. Do chwili obecnej prawie 100 milionów dolarów zostało wypłaconych dawnym mieszkańcom Kresów Wschodnich i ich rodzinom.

Sybiraczka Bożena Marie Gaffney, mieszkająca obecnie na Florydzie, wspomina "Żołnierze sowieccy wtargnęli z karabinami w środku nocy i wygnali nas z domu przy temperaturze -40 C jedynie z kilkoma węzełkami naszych rzeczy osobistych niesionych przez mojego ojca i mnie tulonej w ramionach mojej mamy. Zostaliśmy deportowani do ciężkich obozów pracy na Syberii, a cały nasz majątek został skonfiskowany. Już nigdy nie odzyskamy naszych domów, więc chociaż to odszkodowanie jest symbolicznym zadośćuczynieniem niesprawiedliwości, jakiej byliśmy ofiarami".

Na mocy polskiej Ustawy z dnia 8 lipca 2005 r. odszkodowania należą się w równej mierze wszystkim przedwojennym obywatelom polskim, którzy w wyniku II wojny światowej zmuszeni byli opuścić ówczesne terytorium Rzeczypospolitej. Dotyczy to deportowanych rodzin, żołnierzy, którzy służyli w Polskich Siłach Zbrojnych na Zachodzie oraz ich rodzin, które wojnę spędziły w obozach dla uchodźców rozsianych po całym świecie.

Przedstawicielka drugiego pokolenia Sybiraków - Pani Louise Blażejowska, mieszkająca w Australii, powiedziała : "Tragiczne losy mieszkańców d. Kresów Wschodnich w czasie okupacji sowieckiej są mało znanym epizodem w historii II wojny światowej. Dotyczy to masowych deportacji na Syberię, których konsekwencją był głód i śmierć, odbierania mienia czy ukrywania zbrodni w Katyniu. Cudownie ocaleni uczestnicy tych tragicznych wydarzeń oraz ich potomkowie do dnia dzisiejszego nie wierzą, iż kiedykolwiek spotka ich należna im sprawiedliwość i odszkodowanie za utracone mienie. Muszą oni teraz przystąpić do działania, póki nie jest jeszcze za późno".

Wnioski będą przyjmowane jedynie do końca 2008 r. Podstawowe wymogi uprawniające do złożenia wniosku to : wlaściciele nieruchomości byli obywatelami polskimi w 1939 r. i mieszkali w tym czasie na terenie Polski; wlaściciele lub ich potomkowie muszą posiadać obecnie obywatelstwo polskie (obywatelstwo może zostać potwierdzone, jeśli rodzice byli obywatelami polskimi); prawa do spadku są potwierdzone. Do wniosku powinien być dołączony opis nieruchomości – jest to niezbędne do późniejszego określenia wartości nieruchomości.

Chociaż wstępny wniosek o odszkodowanie musi zostać złożony w jednym z urzędów wojewódzkich w Polsce do dnia 31 grudnia 2008 r., to dokumenty stanowiące załącznik do wniosku mogą być dostarczone później, po rejestracji wniosku. Dotyczy to dokumentów odszukanych w różnych archiwach w Polsce, Wielkiej Brytanii, USA czy w byłych republikach ZSRR.

Grupa Kresy-Syberia stworzyła grupę wolontariuszy mówiących po polsku i po angielsku, którzy będą pomagać osobom zainteresowanym wypełnić i złożyć wniosek czy tez będą służyć pomocą przy tłumaczeniach. W celu uzyskania dalszych informacji lub niezbędnych formularzy, potencjalni wnioskodawcy mogą się kontaktować z nami drogą emailową : info@kresy-mienie.org lub odwiedzając stronę www.kresy-mienie.org.

Założyciel Grupy Kresy-Syberia – Pan Stefan Wiśniowski, Australijczyk urodzony w Kanadzie – stwierdził: "Przez lata wielu byłych polskich wysiedleńców było przeciwnych występowaniu do swojej ojczyzny o jakiekolwiek pieniądze, traktując tę sprawę w kategoriach honoru. Jednakże wielu spośród nich jest dziś świadomych, że sytuacja się zmieniła. Obecnie polska gospodarka dynamicznie się rozwija, a Polska jako członek Unii Europejskiej troszczy się o przestrzeganie praw swych obywateli, także ich praw własności. Inni, którzy nie odczuwają potrzeby finansowego odszkodowania, mogą ofiarować uzyskane pieniądze na cel charytatywny, na przykład Fundację Kresy-Syberia, która tworzy obecnie muzeum wirtualne poświęcone upamiętnieniu ich losów dla przyszłych pokoleń".

Grupa Kresy-Syberia jest międzynarodową grupą skupiającą ponad 750 byłych Sybiraków i ich potomków z drugiego i trzeciego pokolenia. Jej celem jest badanie, upamiętnianie i upowszechnianie tragicznych losów obywateli polskich różnych narodowości i wyznań pod okupacją sowiecką w trakcie II wojny światowej. Poza wspieraniem osób pragnących złożyć wnioski o odszkodowanie, jednym z jej bieżących projektów jest stworzenie "wirtualnego muzeum" w Internecie mającego za zadanie upamiętnić ten mało znany fragment historii II wojny światowej.



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Kontakty dla prasy :

Australia & New Zelandia :

Stefan Wiśniowski

tel. kom.+61-4-1186-4873

Stefan.Wisniowski@Kresy-Syberia.org



Wielka Brytania :

Jerzy Neisser

tel. kom. 44-77379-98123 oraz +44-12572-79145

Jerzy.Neisser@Kresy-Syberia.org



USA & Kanada :

Lynda Kraar

tel. kom. 1-551-486-3772 oraz +1-201-947-2516

Lynda.Kraar@Kresy-Syberia.org



Polska :

Aneta Hoffmann

tel. kom. +48-502-870-596

Aneta.Hoffmann@Kresy-Syberia.org



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Przypis: "Grupa Kresy-Syberia" łączy ludzi z różnych krajów, dla których ważny jest temat tragedii ponad miliona obywateli polskich różnych wyznań i narodowości (Polaków, Ukraińców, Białorusinów, katolików, prawosławnych, żydów itp.), którzy zostali aresztowani lub deportowani z b. Kresów Wschodnich II RP w latach 1940-41 do specjalnych obozów pracy na Syberii, w Kazachstanie i na tereny azjatyckich republik ZSRR. 115.000 spośród nich zostało ewakuowanych do Iranu w 1942 r. jako żołnierze Armii Andersa i ich rodziny. Ostatecznie znaleźli się oni na Zachodzie. Okoliczności ich odysei i tragicznych losów obywateli polskich pod okupacją sowiecką w czasie II wojny światowej były przemilczane przez aliantów w czasie wojny, aby chronić imię ZSRR – ważnego sojusznika w walce z III Rzeszą. Prawie siedemdziesiąt lat później Sybiracy zestarzeli się, wielu spośród z nich już nie żyje. Nasza grupa łączy Sybiraków i ich potomków, aby upamiętniać, nauczać, odkrywać i upowszechniać wiedzę nt. ich tragicznych losów - na całym świecie i kolejnym pokoleniom. Możemy udzielić Państwu także lokalnych wywiadów.

Alex Lech Bajan
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Polish Diaspora Iran World War II Story

Polish Diaspora Iran World War II Story.

People in story: Jadwiga Biegus, Krystyna Biegus, Jerzy Biegus, Józef Tuczek, Katarzyna Tuczek, Maria Łotecka, Michał Łotecki
Location of story: Poland, USSR, Iran, Africa

Contributed on: 26 January 2006
Lusaka 1946 — from left to right My mother (Jadwiga Biegus), me(Jerzy), grandfather (Józef Tuczek), my sister Krysia. In the background the hut we called home

I was born on the 22 October 1940 of Polish parents in Kazakhstan. This was the last place were my mother wanted to be. Before the war, my mother and father lived comfortably in a town called Tarnopol in Eastern Poland where they had moved from their native Sambor. Father was working in the prison service while mother, a teacher by profession, was bringing up her two year old daughter Krysia in her dream ‘town centre flat with a balcony’.

Then war broke out and all hell was let loose. My father, an officer of the reserve, rejoined his regiment while my mother and her eldest sister returned to the family home in Sambor where, supported by a network of family and friends, they had the best chance of surviving the war. After Stalin’s invasion of Poland, in compliance with the Ribbentrop/Molotov pact, Poland’s defence was no longer viable and the army was ordered to disband. Having avoided capture by the invading Russians, my father returned home but immediately discovered that the NKVD (precursor to the KGB) were looking for officers and other ‘intelligencia’ so he went into hiding, moving from house to house among friends and family, never staying more than a few days in any one place.

During February and March 1940 my mother underwent several interrogations by the local NKVD both about her work as a teacher and the whereabouts of her husband. In March the NKVD declared her unfit to teach and she lost her job at school. On the 13th April 1940 the first mass deportation began. The NKVD arrived in the early morning, they read out the sentence of deportation and internal exile in Russia, allowed 30minutes to pack essentials and enough food for a journey of up to four weeks. Everyone living at the family home was arrested. My mother Jadwiga Biegus with her daughter Krystyna (Krysia), my mother’s eldest sister Maria Łotecka and their parents Józef and Katarzyna Tuczek. They were marched to the local railway station and loaded into cattle trucks. When my father heard of the arrests he gave himself up to the NKVD in the hope that he would be allowed to join his family into exile but that was the last reliable report we had of him until we found his name on the list of officers shot in the back of the head by the NKVD in Katyn wood. He was one of 4500 Polish officers and intelligencia who were murdered by our future ally the Soviet Union. A further 20000 are still missing.

After a journey of two to three weeks (my mother lost track of the days) they were taken off the train, together with five other families, at Martuk in the district of Aktubinsk in Kazakhstan. From Martuk they walked seven kilometers to a small village (posiolek) called Nagorny. This was an agricultural ‘kolchoz’ — a state owned farm — where they were immediatly set to work in the fields. Initially they were given a shepherd’s hut in which to live because in the summer the shepherd was out on the steppe with his flock. Later they were moved into a cottage at the edge of the village that belonged to a peasant who had been deported into internal exile elsewhere in Russia. The front door of the cottage opened onto a corridor with a room on either side and an attached stable. They shared the cottage with fellow Polish deportees Mrs. Smoleńska and her daughter, the Smoleńska’s occupied one room while our family, four adults and two children, lived in the other.

Everyone had to work in the kolchoz. Lenin’s nobly sounding motto, that had seduced so many English intellectuals, ‘To everyone according to their needs, from everyone according their abilities’ had been translated on the ground into a much more practical ‘nie rabotayet nie kushayet’ — don’t work, don’t eat — so those who reported for work received half a loaf of bread a day and the foreman would turn a blind eye to small amounts of produce that might be taken home at the end of the day. This food had to be shared with any member of the family who for some reason was unable to work. Each ‘Work Day’ was recorded and in the autumn everyone received farm produce for the winter according to the number of ‘Work Days’ they had put in. During the summer of 1940 our family had earned a sack of rye and a sack of potatoes. In October after I was born my mother was allocated 250gm. of bread, half a litre of full cream milk and two litres of skimmed milk a day for the baby. Her own ration was of course still subject to the ‘don’t work, don’t eat’ rule. We survived that first winter thanks to a sack of flour that my grandfather had the foresight to take when they were arrested and two food parcels sent by my mother’s two sisters who were still in Poland (mainly flour, buckwheat and a little sugar). Money came from selling anything that was not strictly necessary for survival like my grandfather’s suit, the sugar and other little luxuries that came in the food parcels.

The Kazakh villagers were indifferent to us but there were two or three Russian families without whose help we could not have survived. We don’t know why they were there. It is likely that they had been sentenced to internal exile just like we were but it was best not to ask questions. They helped in many small ways. We were not allowed to buy anything at the village shop so they bought things for us. On one occasion my aunt went to Martuk to sell grandfather’s suit, because there it would fetch a better price, and found herself in serious trouble because we weren’t allowed to leave the village without permission so, in future, they would take things to Martuk that we needed to sell. Their greatest contribution was made right at the beginning when they introduced us to ‘kiziak’. Kiziak was, possibly still is, made by collecting dried animal dung on the steppe, soaking it in water then mixing it with straw and forming into briquettes which were then dried in the sun. This was to be our fuel for the winter and, throughout the summer, any time not working for the kolhoz was spent collecting dung and making kiziak. Without it the whole family would have frozen to death in the -30°C temperatures of that winter.

Hope came with Germany’s invasion of Russia in June 1941. Suddenly and unexpectedly we became allies. A Polish army under the command of Gen. Anders was being formed in Russia and an amnesty was declared for all Poles in prisons and internal exile. We were now free to buy in the village shop and travel to Martuk. My uncle, Michał Łotecki, was released from prisoner of war camp to join the Polish army and he managed to come and see us in Nagorny just before the snows fell. He brought money and, most importantly, papers to join the army as his family. Wisely, it was decided not to travel that winter. The army was living under canvas and the Russian authorities were only providing rations for soldiers so many of those who travelled that winter perished from cold, hunger and exhaustion.

We finally left Nagorny in April 1942 and joined the Polish army in Kitabo in Uzbekistan. By the time we arrived my uncle had been moved to another army centre but none the less we were welcomed, looked after and, for the first time since the outbreak of war, felt safe. Life was still hard. We lived under canvas and the Russian authorities were providing meagre rations and only for soldiers so these had to be shared with the civilian families. A few days before we left Kitabo, to travel to Krasnovodsk from where we sailed with the army to Pahlavi in Persia (Iran), my grandmother, Katarzyna Tuczek, died. She had contracted an ear infection while still in Nagorny, untreated, it became septic and was operated on by an army surgeon when we arrived in Kitabo. It seemed to be clearing up but the surgeon warned that with the organism in such a weakened state it may not be able to fight off the infection.

Persia was very welcoming. By the sea in Pahlavi, where we disembarked, a tented city had been set up. This was a transit area where we were registered, given papers, issued with clothes and allocated to one of three camps in Teheran. We were allocated to Camp II. Like the other camps it was under canvas but well supplied, food was plentiful, schools and field hospitals had been set up. Troops were being re-equipped, trained and made ready for duty. Civilians began the long process of adjusting to a normality in which there was adequate food and even time to attend to their social and cultural needs. My mother particularly recalled a visit to the Shah’s palace gardens and walking through the shopping streets of Teheran, although there was still no money for any serious shopping of course. There was still the reality of war. All the young and able bodied were expected to join in the war effort and my aunt Maria joined the Women’s Auxiliary Service. This was a particular wrench because it was she who had been the main provider for our family. She was the one who bartered, traded and stole the food that made the difference between perishing and surviving. Unable to have children herself she made it her purpose that my sister and I survived where so many children did not. She insisted that, even after I started eating solid food, I continued to be breast fed until we left Russia and saw to it that my mother had the lion’s share of any nutritious food that she had ‘organised’.

Inevitably, given such a concentration of people and rudimentary sanitary facilities, an epidemic of dysentery broke out. Despite the best efforts of the medical staff this lead to a horrendous mortality rate, particularly among children, whose undernourished and weakened metabolisms succumbed within a day or two. When I contracted the disease my mother refused to let me be taken to the field hospital, where she had seen children dying by the dozen, and insisted on nursing me herself. She clearly understood the importance of hygiene and hydration and gave me lots of water, but only after it had been boiled, and melons which were plentiful in the camp. I survived the dysentery but it took its toll on the organism and soon afterwards my legs began to bow and I stopped walking. Rickets or ‘the English disease’, as it was known in Poland, was diagnosed. Once again home remedies were applied, cod liver oil and lots of sun, the bones strengthened once again and the only visible sign left is a ridge across my teeth where development had been temporarily impaired. By the autumn of 1943 my mother felt sufficiently confident to leave my sister and me in my grandfather’s care during the day so in December 1943 she began working professionally as a teacher at the camp school.

Once the army had moved out to their operational positions in the Middle East it was time to consider the civilians who had been left behind. The tented camps on the outskirts of Teheran were clearly not viable as a long term solution and the authorities decided to set up Displaced Persons camps in India and Africa. As a teacher my mother was able to choose where we went and she chose Africa. In the spring of 1944 we travelled by army truck down to Karachi and then by ship to Africa (she didn’t say which port) then by train to a camp called Bwana M’Kubwa in what was then Northern Rhodesia. We stayed in Bwana M’Kubwa for just four months before she was posted to Lusaka, also in Northern Rhodesia now Zambia.

My first, very ordinary, personal memories are from Lusaka: A dark eyed beauty called Jagódka sitting opposite me in the kindergarten sand pit; carrying the kindergarten totem pole in a school procession only to disgrace myself by falling over and stopping the entire procession; starting school at five but in the seven year olds class because I was the only five year old, and then being threatened with extreme violence by my older classmates for having the best marks at the end of term; the wonder of electric lighting in the camp commandant’s hut.

By 1947 the camps were being actively liquidated. First a commission from the Polish communist regime set up by Stalin arrived to persuade us to return to communist Poland. They received short shrift from people whose homes had been annexed by Russia and were no longer in Poland and who were still thanking God for delivering them from the Soviet communist paradise. The Americans came next followed by the Canadians and Australians to take their pick of the humanity on offer. In that particular market my mother; young, intelligent, educated with two young children who would grow up to be fine citizens of their country, was inundated with offers, but there was a catch. One of the members of the family was an old father who might become a burden on society so the offers were always in these terms; you and the children can come straight away and in a couple of years time you will have settled in and earned enough to bring your father across from wherever he might be at the time. To my mother’s eternal credit she turned these offers down flat.

We were the last to leave Lusaka at the beginning of 1949. By this time my mother was headmistress of the school and responsible for closing it down. She couldn’t bear to burn all the books so we acquired our first proper possessions - a tea chest full of books. She was posted to a camp called Tengeru near Arusha in what is now Tanzania. The camp was dominated by a splendid view of Mt. Meru but, unlike Lusaka which was quite close to town, so we could regularly go into town for shopping, it appeared to be in the middle of nowhere and the occasional journey by truck into Arusha seemed to take for ever. On arrival in Tengeru we were allocated a pair of mud huts; round, dark and tiny with mud floors, just like the native’s huts. These huts were quite exciting for us kids but mother didn’t seem to share our enthusiasm and she must have had some leverage because we soon moved to one of the large posh square huts with a concrete floor and windows with fine wire mesh mosquito nets and a separate outside kitchen. I can’t remember if there was any electricity in the camp, I have a feeling that even the camp commandant used paraffin lamps for lighting, primus stoves for minor cooking and, if you were in a posh square hut, you had a separate outside kitchen with a wood burning range for cooking.

Tengeru was much bigger than Lusaka, it had a primary school and two secondary schools, one for the academically inclined and another that taught vocational subjects. There was also a large boarding house for children and young people that had been either orphaned or separated from their parents. There was also considerable agricultural activity. Apart from the gardens that were springing up around people’s huts there were large fields of maize, potatoes and other vegetables like carrots and cabbage. I don’t know if these were grown under the auspices of the camp or some local farmer but a lot of the people in the camp were employed in this farming activity.

Pressure was now building to close the camps so UNRA, (United Nations Refugee Agency) which was responsible for the camps, arranged another round of visits by the American, Canadian and Australian immigration commissions which went through their selection procedures once again and took further significant numbers. By early 1950 only those that had been positively rejected by the three commissions or who, like my mother, would not accept the terms that were offered were left in the camp. That’s when the British commission arrived. It was different because I think they knew that leaving people in the middle of Africa wasn’t an option and their main concern was to know if anyone had health problems, particularly infectious diseases like TB, and needed either treatment before sailing or special provision on arrival in England. In July we travelled by rail from Arusha to Mombassa and then sailed on the Dundalk Bay to England, arriving in Hull on 2nd September 1950. After a few days in a transit camp near Hull we travelled in a fleet of coaches to Springhill Lodge camp in the beautiful Cotswold countryside. For more information on life in a U.K. displaced persons camp you can visit www.northwickparkpolishdpcamp.co.uk but essentially normality set in. Until we came to England I had never met a child of my own age, they were all either two years older or two years younger than me, so for the first time in my life I went to school with and had friends of my own age. Since coming to England I have met, among the Polish community in the U.K., just two ‘Siberian Babies’, people born in Soviet exile in 1940 or 41, so while I don’t claim to be unique, there aren’t many of us about and perhaps that justifies recounting this story.

KIM SĄ MORDERCY INKI? IPN Gdańsk

KIM SĄ MORDERCY INKI? IPN Gdańsk
Jest to wypowiedź pana Piotra Szubarczyka, pracownika naukowego Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej w Gdańsku, na temat bezkarności zbrodniarzy z Urzędu Bezpieczeństwa, komunistycznego sądownictwa i prokuratury odpowiedzialnych za śmierć INKI, bezkarności do dziś... Fragment reportażu poświęconego pamięci Danuty Siedzikówny Inki, zrealizowanego i wyemitowanego przez TV Trwam w 2007 roku

Noam Chomsky on the economy oct 2008

Noam Chomsky on the economy oct 2008